Prevalence of smear positivity, hiv co-infection, trend and treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients accessing care at faith alive foundation, Jos, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) in the African sub-region, is still a public health problem, heightened by its synergy with HIV. Sputum smear positivity which is diagnostic indicator often gives a lower prevalence of the disease that may be give a false burden of the disease thus leading to varied treatment outcomes that may add to the vicious cycle of the magnitude of the disease. Thus, the prevalence of sputum positivity and co-infection with HIV; trend and treatment outcomes of TB were assessed.
Methods: Secondary data of TB patients from 2012 (commencement of TB care at this centre) - 2018 at Faith Alive Foundation Jos, a renowned faith-based hospital with approximately with a large monthly patient turn-out rate. Software SPSS version 18 was used for data analysis.
Results: Females adults were more affected; prevalence of sputum positivity/HIV co-infection were 15.1% (14% in adult; 1.1% in children) / 62.0% (57.4% in adults; 4.6% in children) respectively. The 7-year trend spiked in year 2015 and 2017, with an observed downward pattern in 2018 in all the ages. Cure after treatment was 6.3% (5.7% in adults and 0.6% in children).
Conclusion: Efforts will need to be put into TB diagnosis considering the low sensitivity of sputum smear microscopy in instituting treatment. TB is still a leading opportunistic infection in persons infected with HIV.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2021 Agbo HA, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Licensing and protecting the author rights is the central aim and core of the publishing business. Peertechz dedicates itself in making it easier for people to share and build upon the work of others while maintaining consistency with the rules of copyright. Peertechz licensing terms are formulated to facilitate reuse of the manuscripts published in journals to take maximum advantage of Open Access publication and for the purpose of disseminating knowledge.
We support 'libre' open access, which defines Open Access in true terms as free of charge online access along with usage rights. The usage rights are granted through the use of specific Creative Commons license.
Peertechz accomplice with- [CC BY 4.0]
Explanation
'CC' stands for Creative Commons license. 'BY' symbolizes that users have provided attribution to the creator that the published manuscripts can be used or shared. This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author.
Please take in notification that Creative Commons user licenses are non-revocable. We recommend authors to check if their funding body requires a specific license.
With this license, the authors are allowed that after publishing with Peertechz, they can share their research by posting a free draft copy of their article to any repository or website.
'CC BY' license observance:
|
License Name |
Permission to read and download |
Permission to display in a repository |
Permission to translate |
Commercial uses of manuscript |
|
CC BY 4.0 |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
The authors please note that Creative Commons license is focused on making creative works available for discovery and reuse. Creative Commons licenses provide an alternative to standard copyrights, allowing authors to specify ways that their works can be used without having to grant permission for each individual request. Others who want to reserve all of their rights under copyright law should not use CC licenses.
World Health Organization (2020) WHO Information Note Tuberculosis and COVID-19. Considerations for tuberculosis (TB) care. Link: https://bit.ly/3x0NNPP
Centre for Disease Control (2020) Tuberculosis. Link: https://bit.ly/3A4fl8R
McIntosh J (2020) All you need to know about tuberculosis (TB). Medical News Today. Link: https://bit.ly/3w5zUOZ
Centre for Disease Control (2017) Global epidemiology of tuberculosis and progress towards achieving global targets-2017. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68: 263–266. Link: https://bit.ly/3xTEktI
African Union/Africa CDC (2019) Tuberculosis. Link: https://bit.ly/3xWRshO
Cedars Sinai (2021) What is tuberculosis? 2021. Link: https://ceda.rs/3y0WWrW
Disease World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2018 (2018) Link: https://bit.ly/3A7Jm7I
World Health Organization (2020) Preventive treatment for tuberculosis infection. Link: https://bit.ly/3qwc265
Avanya M (2019) History of tuberculosis. Link: https://bit.ly/3A5uMh9
VBI Vaccines (2018) Louis Pasteur and the development of attenuated vaccines. Link: https://bit.ly/3AfI6zM
Seddon JA, Shingadia D (2014) Epidemiology and disease burden of tuberculosis in children: a global perspective. Infect Drug Resist 7: 153-165. Link: https://bit.ly/3w1C5Dh
Christopher D, Anthony DH, Dermot MS, Mehran H, Wilfred N, et al. (2017) Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Link: https://bit.ly/3qtrf87 .
Boutayeb A (2009) The impact of HIV/AIDS on human development in African countries. BMC Public Health 9: S3. Link: https://bit.ly/3qtq5JP
Andrzej P, Marianne J, Markus S, Martin ER, Gunilla K (2012) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002464. Link: https://bit.ly/35TGca5
Nicoll A, Timaeus I, Kigadye RM (2018) The impact of HIV-1 infection on mortality in children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa: a demographic and epidemiologic analysis. AIDS 8: 995-1005. Link: https://bit.ly/35TTvHq
Walker N, Schwartländer B, Bryce J (2012) Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS. Lancet 360: 284-289. Link: https://bit.ly/3w1fMOj
Newell ML, Brahmbhatt H, Ghys PD (2014) Child mortality and HIV infection in Africa: a review. AIDS 18: 27-34. Link: https://bit.ly/3h97wq4
Marston M, Zaba B, Salomon JA (2018) Estimating the net effect of HIV on child mortality in African populations affected by generalized HIV epidemics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 38: 219-227. Link: https://bit.ly/3qtdjuA
Olumade TJ, Adesanya OA, Fred-Akintunwa IJ, Babalola DO, et al. (2020) Infectious disease outbreak preparedness and response in Nigeria: history, limitations and recommendations for global health policy and practice. AIMS Public Health 7: 736-757. Link: https://bit.ly/3A4zhse
Muhammad F, Abdulkareem JH, Chowdhury AA (2017) Major Public Health Problems in Nigeria: A review. Southeast Asia Journal of Public Health ISSN: 2220-9476ISSN: 2313-531X (Online). Southeast Asia Journal of Public Health 7: 6-11. Link: https://bit.ly/3h1UnAh
Nwankwor C, Aneke C, Henry-Arize I, Okoronkwo I (2018) Perceived Utilization of National Health Insurance among Staff of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku –Ozalla, Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Int J Med Health Dev 23: 255-260. Link: https://bit.ly/3xWMe5C
Welcome MO (2011) The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems. J Pharm Bioall Sci 3: 470‑478. Link: https://bit.ly/3jlyBJ2
Ogbo FA, Ogeleka P, Okoro P (2018) Tuberculosis disease burden and attributable risk factors in Nigeria, 1990–2016. Trop Med Health 46: 34. Link: https://bit.ly/2Su9OHM
WHO (2018) Tuberculosis. Link: https://bit.ly/3A3GtF6
Kwan CK, Ernst JD (2011) HIV and Tuberculosis: a Deadly Human Syndemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 24: 351–376. Link: https://bit.ly/3y1TQ78
Jang SY, Kim MJ, Cheong H (2020) Estimating Disability-Adjusted Life Years due to Tuberculosis in Korea through to the Year 2040. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 5960. Link: https://bit.ly/3wW7w3f
Sarmento E (2017) Transmission. Link: https://bit.ly/35TZOuy
Global Plan to End TB. (2017) The paradigm shift 2016-2020. Link: https://bit.ly/35V4cJE
World Health Organization (2017) Mother to child transmission of HIV. Link: https://bit.ly/3A7Im3s
Moss WJ, Clements CJ, Halsey NA (2013) Immunization of children at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Bull World Health Organ 81: 61-70. Link: https://bit.ly/3havW2q
Seddon JA, Jenkins HE, Liu L, Cohen T, Black RE, et al. (2015) Counting Children with Tuberculosis: Why Numbers Matter. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 19: 9–16. Link: https://bit.ly/3xTDmO6
Ogbonna C (2017) Sample size determination. In: The basics in Biostatistics, Medical Informatics and Research Methodology. Yakson Printing Press
Palme IB, Gudetta B, Bruchfeld J, Muhe L, Giesecke J (2002) Impact of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on clinical presentation, treatment outcome and survival in a cohort of Ethiopian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21: 1053–1061. Link: https://bit.ly/3y4E77f
Zaman K, Yunus M, Arifeen SE, Baqui AH, Sack DA, et al. (2006) Prevalence of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis in a rural area in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1052-1059. Link: https://bit.ly/3gW6mPD
Kunkel A, Wiesch PA, Nathavitharana RR, Marx FM, Jenkins HE, et al. (2016) Smear positivity in paediatric and adult tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 16: 282. Link: https://bit.ly/3dkCLgN
Semunigus T, Tessema B, Eshetie S, Moges F (2016) Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis and associated factors among homeless individuals in Dessie and Debre Birhan towns, Northeast Ethiopia. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 15: 50. Link: https://bit.ly/3qtzlO1
Berju A, Haile B, Nigatu S, Mengistu A, Birhan G (2019) Smear-Positive Tuberculosis Prevalence and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antinatal Care in North Gondar Zone Hospitals, Ethiopia. International Journal of Microbiology 2019: 9432469. Link: https://bit.ly/3gWaFKS
Nugussie DA, Mohammed GA, Anteneh Tesfaye Tefera AT (2017) Prevalence of Smear-Positive Tuberculosis among Patients Who Visited Saint Paul's Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int 2017: 6325484. Link: https://bit.ly/3gYrWmw
Mekonnen A (2014) Smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis and AFB examination practices according to the standard checklist of WHO’s tuberculosis laboratory assessment tool in three governmental hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 7: 295. Link: https://bit.ly/3dkcaQU
Gashaw F, Bekele S, Mekonnen Y (2019) High helminthic co-infection in tuberculosis patients with undernutritional status in northeastern Ethiopia. Infect Dis Poverty 8: 88. Link: https://bit.ly/3h78VNI
Chinnakali P, Selvaraj K, Thekkur P, Ramasamy G, Thulasingam M, et al. (2014) Age and Sex Differences in Sputum Smear Microscopy Results for Acid Fast Bacilli in a Tertiary Care Centre, South India. Journal of Respiratory Medicine 2014: 674942. Link: https://bit.ly/3h1jjHY
Gunda DW, Maganga SC, Nkandala I, Kilonzo SB, Mpondo BC, et al. (2018) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Active TB among Adult HIV Patients Receiving ART in Northwestern Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study, Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2018: 1346104. Link: https://bit.ly/3qD0Qos
Millet JP, Moreno A, Fina L, del Baño L, Orcau A, et al. (2013) Factors that influence current tuberculosis epidemiology. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 22: 539–548. Link: https://bit.ly/3qwg6U7
FMOH (2013) Guidelines for Clinical and Programmatic Management of TB, TB/HIV and Leprosy in Ethiopia, FMOH, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5th edition, 2013. Link: https://bit.ly/3hfFIQy
Tornheim JA, Dooley KE (2017) Tuberculosis Associated with HIV Infection. Microbiol Spectr 5. Link: https://bit.ly/3gYqL6A
Tola A, Mishore KM, Ayele Y (2019) Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study. BMC Public Health 19: 1658. Link: https://bit.ly/3w7bAww
Abdulkader M, van Aken I, Nigus S (2019) Treatment outcomes and their trend among tuberculosis patients treated at peripheral health settings of Northern Ethiopia between 2009 and 2014: a registry-based retrospective analysis. BMC Res Notes 12: 786. Link: https://bit.ly/3w5xiAF
Feldacker C, Tweya H, Keiser O, Weigel R, Kalulu M, et al. (2012) Characteristics of adults and children diagnosed with tuberculosis in Lilongwe, Malawi: findings from an integrated HIV/TB clinic. Trop Med Int Health 17: 1108–1116. Link: https://bit.ly/3vVeZOI