Epidemiology and diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Arab and Jewish populations in Israel
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Aims: The aims of our study were to understand the factors shaping the gap in the literature concerning the Israeli Arab population, and to enhance the knowledge of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among this population, and provide information to health professionals.
Methods: Retrospective data was collected from medical records in outpatient clinics between the years 2005-2017. Data included 474 Arab and 292 Jewish children aged 5 to 18 years.
Results: Main reason for referral was inattention symptoms (44.4%) in Arabs, and academic problems (42.8%) in Jews. Arab preschoolers were mainly hyperactive, whereas adolescents complained about academic difficulties. Arab girls reported inattention symptoms, whereas boys complained of aggressive behavior. ADHD combined subtype (ADHD- C) was the most common subtype in both populations. ADHD-C was more prevalent in preschoolers, and ADHD Inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) was more prevalent between ages 11.1 to 15 years. We found an association between language delay and ADHD in both populations.
Conclusion: ADHD characteristics among Israeli Arab and Jewish populations were mainly similar, and analogous with global results.
Downloads
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2020 Jaber L, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) Subcommittee on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (oversight by the steering committee on quality improvement and management. Clinical practice guideline: diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 105: 1158-1170.
Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J (2003) The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry 2: 104-113. Link: https://bit.ly/3hKbsw4
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E (2006) The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 36: 159-165. Link: https://bit.ly/30R03nq
Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 3: 617-628. Link: https://bit.ly/2DhFrfF
Visser SN, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, Ghandour RM, et al. (2014) Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53: 34-46.e2. Link: https://bit.ly/2OYQxca
Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Ghandour RM, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, et al. (2018) Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. children and adolescents, 2016. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 47:199-212. Link: https://bit.ly/306GfNr
Bax AC, Bard DE, Cuffe SP, McKeown RE, Wolraich ML (2019) The association between race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors and the diagnosis and treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 40: 81-91. Link: https://bit.ly/2CNV5jk
Rowland AS, Lesesne CA, Abramowitz AJ (2002) The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a public health view. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 8: 162-170. Link: https://bit.ly/333imse
Berger I (2011) Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: much ado about something. IMAJ 13: 571-574. Link: https://bit.ly/307Bxz7
Rader RL, McCauley L, Callen EC (2009) Current strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am Fam Physician 79: 657-665. Link: https://bit.ly/30MTAJS
Rousseau C, Measham T, Bathiche-Suidan M (2008) DSM IV, culture and child psychiatry. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17: 69-75. Link: https://bit.ly/3jG7Mx0
Livingston R (1999) Cultural issues in diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38: 1591-1594. Link: https://bit.ly/3jPtTkA
Polanczyk G, Jensen P (2008) Epidemiologic considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and update. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 17: 245-260. Link: https://bit.ly/3f4p4Aj
Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, et al. (2007) Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brit J Psychiatry 190: 402-409. Link: https://bit.ly/30Tqed1
Gomez-Benito J, Van de Vijver FJR, Balluerka N, Caterino L (2015) Cross-cultural and gender differences in ADHD among young adults. J Atten Disord 23: 22-31. Link: https://bit.ly/3hJ9H2e
Locke J, Kang-Yi CD, Pellecchia M, Marcus S, Hadley T, et al. (2017) Ethnic Disparities in school-based behavioral health service use for children with psychiatric disorders. J Sch Health 87: 47-54. Link: https://bit.ly/3hLJhwS
Farah LG, Fayyad JA, Eapen V, Cassir Y, Salamoun MM, et al. (2009) ADHD in the Arab world: a review of epidemiologic studies. J Atten Disord 13: 211-222. Link: https://bit.ly/3g7Dzox
Farbstein I, Mansbach-Kleinfeld I, Auerbach JG, Ponizovsky AM, Apter A (2014) The Israel Survey of Mental Health among Adolescents: Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, comorbidity, methylphenidate use, and help-seeking patterns. IMAJ 16: 568-573. Link: https://bit.ly/333sPE6
Jaber L, Rigler S, Shuper A, Diamond G (2017) Changing epidemiology of Methylphenidate prescriptions in the community: A multifactorial model. J Atten Disord 21: 1143-1150. Link: https://bit.ly/2X35zSR
Habel LA, Schaefer CA, Levine P, Bhat AK, Elliott G (2005) Treatment with stimulants among youths in a large California health plan. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15: 62-67. Link:
Zuvekas SH, Vitiello B, Norquist GS (2006) Recent trends in stimulant medication use among U.S. children. Am Journal Psychiatry 163: 579-585. Link: https://bit.ly/3hMkHMj
Barkley RAE ( 2006) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment.Third edition. New York: The Guildford Press.
Eiraldi RB, Mccurdy B, Khanna M, Mautone J, Jawad AF, et al. (2006) Service utilization among ethnic minority children with ADHD: a model of help-seeking behavior. Adm Policy Ment Health 33: 607-622. Link: https://bit.ly/2D8Rw70
Tirosh E, Cohen A (1998) Language deficit with attention-deficit disorder: a prevalent comorbidity. J Child Neurol 13: 493-497. Link: https://bit.ly/3hAR3tg
Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, DuPaul G, Earls M, et al. (2011) Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management. ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 128: 1007-1022. Link: https://bit.ly/39xI1u4
Dalsgaard S (2013) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22: S43-S48.
Loe IM, Feldman HM (2007) Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 32: 643-654. Link: https://bit.ly/3g90lfx
Sollie H, Larsson B, Mørch WT (2012) Comparison of mother, father, and teacher reports of ADHD core symptoms in a sample of child psychiatric outpatients. J Atten Disord 17: 699-710. Link: https://bit.ly/3jWVv7I
Canals J, Morales-Hidalgo P, Jané MC, Domènech E (2018) ADHD prevalence in Spanish preschoolers: Comorbidity, socio-demographic factors, and functional consequences. J Atten Disord 22: 143-153. Link: https://bit.ly/2X2rKbH
Antrop I, Roeyers H, Oosterlaan J (2002) Agreement between parent and teacher ratings of disruptive behavior disorders in children with clinically diagnosed ADHD. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 24: 67-73. Link: https://bit.ly/39yfGE4
Murray DW, Kollins S, Hardy KK, Abikoff HB, Swanson JM, et al. (2007) Parent versus teacher ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in the preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 17: 605-620. Link: https://bit.ly/30708UU
Papageorgiou V, Kalyva E, Dafoulis V, Vostanis P (2008) Differences in parents' and teachers' tatings of ADHD symptoms and other mental health problems. Eur J Psychiat 22: 200-210. Link: https://bit.ly/331N4Sw
Larsson JO, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P (2004) Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: a longitudinal twin study. J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry 43: 1267-1275. Link: https://bit.ly/306E3pq
Harpin VA (2005) The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life. Arch Dis Child 90: i2-i7. Link: https://bit.ly/32ZVZng
Sibley MH, Pelham WE, Molina BSG, Gnagy EM, Waschbusch DA, et al. (2012) Diagnosing ADHD in adolescence. J Consult Clin Psychol 80: 139-150. Link: https://bit.ly/2BzwZIe
Thorell LB (2007) Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48: 1061-1070. Link: https://bit.ly/3g7YaZU
Weiss M, Worling D, Wasdell M (2003) Chart review study of the inattentive and combined types of ADHD. J Atten Disord 7: 1-9. Link: https://bit.ly/3hN0upl
Biederman J, Kwon A, Aleardi M, Chouinard VA, Marino T, et al. ( 2005) Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in nonreferred subjects. Am J Psychiatry 162: 1083-1089. Link: https://bit.ly/2X2qHZj
Aboul-Ata MA, Amin FA (2018) The prevalence of ADHD in Fayoum City (Egypt) among school-age children: Depending on a DSM-5-Based Rating Scale. J Atten Disord 22: 127-133. Link: https://bit.ly/2X5q80G
Graetz BW, Sawyer MG, Baghurst P, Ettridge K (2006) Are ADHD gender patterns moderated by sample source? J Atten Disord 10: 36-43. Link: https://bit.ly/3g8obIz
Froehlich TE, Lanphear B, Epstein JN, Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, et al. (2007) Prevalence, recognition, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a national sample of US children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161: 857-864. Link: https://bit.ly/3g6KbDJ
Daoud N, Soskolne V, Mindel lJS, Roth MA, Manor O (2018) Ethnic inequalities in health between Arabs and Jews in Israel: the relative contribution of individual-level factors and the living environment. Int J Public Health 63: 313-323. Link: https://bit.ly/2P1yamZ
Amador-Campos JA, Forns-Santacana M, Guàrdia-Olmos J, Peró-Cebollero M (2006) DSM-IV Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms: Agreement between informants in prevalence and factor structure at different ages. J Psychopatho Behav Assess 28: 23-32. Link: https://bit.ly/2CSMxYc
Brook U, Boaz M (2005) Attention deficit and learning disabilities (ADHD/LD) among high school pupils in Holon (Israel). Patient Educ Couns 58: 164-167. Link: https://bit.ly/2X3Pxb5
Ornoy A, Uriel L, Tennenbaum A (1993) Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADD-ADHD syndrome. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 30: 155-163. Link: https://bit.ly/3jLH6ed
Xu G, Strathearn L, Liu B, Yang B, Bao W (2018) Twenty year trends in diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among US children and adolescents 1997-2016. JAMA Netw Open 1: e181471. Link: https://bit.ly/2X3iNPw