Comparative Genomics, Immunopathogenesis, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Dengue, Zika, Yellow Fever, and Mayaro Viruses
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Abstract
Arboviral infections remain a major global public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue Virus (DENV), Zika Virus (ZIKV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), and Mayaro Virus (MAYV) share similar mosquito-borne transmission cycles but differ significantly in their clinical manifestations and evolutionary patterns. This review provides a comparative analysis of their genomic organization, immune-mediated pathogenesis, mutation dynamics, epidemiology, and clinical outcomes.
All four viruses possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes; however, they differ in replication strategies and protein organization. Immune responses play a critical role in disease progression, particularly in dengue, where antibody-dependent enhancement contributes to severe disease. Mutation analyses highlight substantial genetic diversity in DENV associated with disease severity, while ZIKV evolution is linked to neurovirulence. In contrast, YFV shows relative genetic stability, whereas MAYV demonstrates increasing genetic adaptability with potential for urban emergence.
Recent epidemiological data, including findings from Bangladesh, indicate rising dengue burden and shifting serotype distribution. Clinically, these infections range from mild febrile illness to severe complications such as hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders, and chronic arthritis. Despite their impact, treatment remains largely supportive, with effective vaccination available only for yellow fever.
This review underscores the need for enhanced genomic surveillance, improved diagnostics, and the development of effective antivirals and vaccines.
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